Satellite Communication system

Introduction

This thesis submitted to the Engineering Department at The University of Greenwich which is the partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters. The thesis has been done on ?MIMO in Satellite Communication System?.

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1.1?? Background of Satellite Communication system

The world's first true communication satellite was launched by the American telecommunication giant AT & T in 1062 which was called Telstar [1].? From then the wireless communication is one of the biggest and true stories in this century. Now wireless communication has become a part of people's daily life. Now a day it is very hard to think about a day without wireless communication technology. But in the early stage the quality of service of mobile communication was very poor. However at present it is thought that the service will be spread every-where, the speech quality and the watch ability or the video streaming quality will be very high. At the same time as maintaining correct quality of service.
Terrestrial mobile communication system covers up deeply around the world. Even it covers up the rural areas of many other countries very well. But still there are lots of remote and isolated areas which don't have any good coverage and even still there are some countries where they don't have any coverage in their town and cities. On the other hand satellite mobile communication provides a true wide coverage in globally. Satellite mobile communication can reach into everywhere in remote and isolated areas even into the populated areas. Because of its wide coverage this system is very popular for military and marine services, news reporting services, broadcasting and video streaming services. Though still in mass market this system is not adopting that much widely [2].
The first generation satellite communication system based on L-band and Ku-band when the operating frequencies are 1-2 GHz and 11-14 GHz respectively which provided the simple and basic communication services like road haulage industries and maritime. The second generation satellite communication system provided the voice and data transmission services in limited coverage. And the third generation satellite communication provided the same data, voice and fax services but in a wide coverage all over the world [E]. Low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), high earth orbit (HEO) or geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite constellations will develop and extend the terrestrial mobile systems and provided the roaming services to their communication instead of replace them [F].
Satellite communication has gained a rapid and explosive development and have got quite good attention on the way for third generation (3G) and forth generation (4G) wireless communication system. Currently most of the telecommunication industries are applying third generation (3G) communication all over the world. And still many of researchers coming up with a lot of new ideas and many of the challenges are still to be solved including high data rate transmission (1 G b/s), seamless global roaming, multimedia communication system, quality of service management, capability and integration between forth generation (4G) communication. Now researchers keep their attention on satellite domain by considering it as a integrate part of information super highway to chase their challenge [G] [H] [I].
Because of network resource duplication the terrestrial mobile communication is not that efficient to provide good service for broadcast and multicast traffic but for the intrinsic broadcast nature satellite mobile can provide great services for broadcast and multicast traffic [2]. Mobile satellite communication is very useful for providing wide coverage of to using signal transfer. For the moving vehicles also for the travellers in the remote areas even in the different countries satellite communication services are more apparent and effective. Some companies recently launched commercial mobile satellite broadcast network and still some projects are going on to design for new generation system [3].
Current mobile satellite system provided very poor quality of service because of the following:

• Shadowing.
• Blockages.
• High path loss.
• High link delay.
• Limited satellite power.

Sometimes link is not always possible when the signal is blocked by the building or other object for the high power satellites which have a narrow spot beam or even for the multiple satellite constellations. In future may be satellite can offer more radiated power and diversity techniques even the quality of services of satellite and terrestrial communication system will be almost same but still it is long way to achieve. A minimum fade margin considering the cast is always the main target for the satellite communication services provider to maintain the adequate quality of services. For Iridium constellation services 16.5dB is enough though the blockage of signal can be 30dB or more than 30dB. On the other hand link would be going down and the providing satellite diversity, there doesn't have any guaranteed signal availability as well [2].
In the case it is possible to use the technique of satellite-MIMO between the satellite and earth station in both directions means uplink and down link as well. In this research it will be describe how communication can be establish between the satellite and mobile or earth station using the technique of MIMO in satellite communication system to quantify the available diversity and capacity gain benefits.

1.2?? Overview of Land Mobile Satellite

1.3?? Aim and Objective

For the satellite communication system one of the one of the great problem is special-correlation. Because satellite communication deals with a huge distance around 10,000 to 36,000 km. In this case it is very difficult to identify any particular object from satellite to earth. For example two different antennas in the earth seem to a point for a satellite because of the long distance and this is called special correlation. Using the reflection coefficient formula the de-correlated position will be determined for the communication then the capacity of the channel will be calculated by the appropriate formula.
The aims of the projects are to define the channel of satellite-MIMO between the satellite and the earth station or antennas. Then calculate the capacity of gain for satellite-MIMO communication as well as the available diversity.
A serial path of objectives used in this project as approach, which as follows:

• Review the literatures and journals about satellite communication, special correlation on satellite communication, satellite-MIMO channel modelling, satellite-SISO channel modelling, terrestrial-MIMO channel modelling, and antenna polarization in details for collecting different ideas and data for the selected research.

To apply the MIMO system on satellite communication the channel model will be selected by Jake's theory and reflection coefficient formula. Using this formula the spatial correlated and spatial de-correlated point will be identifying by using MATLAB.

1.4 Problem Methodology

1.5?? Project Overview and Thesis Structure

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CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1?? Literature Review

In the year 2009 June, Peter R. King, Peter Horvath, Fernando Perez-Fontan published their research named ?Satellite Channel Impairment Mitigation by Diversity Techniques? and describe their dissuasion about the technique to use to act signal availability and correlation of shadowing. On the other hand they research on the physical - statistical model for land mobile - satellite model. This model is capable for producing power spatial delay profile data and time series of joint statistical time services [4]. A physical statistical model has two components for the land mobile satellite where it predicts the probability between the satellite and the mobile. And the other component is a statistical prediction of statistic for the attenuation. This prediction will act when the state of shadow is encountered [5].
The mobile communication system of 1st and 2nd generation were based on terrestrial communication link provided analogue and digital services respectively [E]. In wireless communication system one of the popular systems for third and fourth generation is Land Mobile Satellite and the significant of the system growing very fast for different types of application like as communication, broadcasting, and navigations. Land mobile satellite system services are not the same as like the terrestrial land mobile system, as the land mobile system can serve a huge amount of consumer in a very wide areas with very low cost [B] [C] [D].
In the research of Mr. Faramaz Davarian (April 1994) it was found that the use of satellite in radio communication was increasing very widely mobile and personal application instead of fiber optics communication [6]. A set of identical satellite like low earth orbit (LEO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) which launched in several plans having same altitude with the different orbit. All these satellites then move in co-ordinately to the earth in manner in trajectories [7]. Because of the private origination, satellite communication deeply spread everywhere in public which make new grounds to implement and introduce new technology for satellite communication system [8]. In commercial sector the revenue concentred on satellite services and earth station equipments. In 2007 those two sectors represented about 95% of world private space service market where the institutional space budge and commercial space budge are 71,405 and 114,205 billion US dollar in respectively [9].
It is already mentioned that the satellite communication and broadcasting system is popular because of its coverage area which is very wide. In order to improve the transmitting and broadcasting reception XM radio and Sirius are used already which can capture frequency diversity, time and spatial. Different contribution of studies already described the statistical satellite-to-outdoor model which characterized by Probability Density Function (log-normal), Rayleigh and Ricean [10]. In Markov model state two different land-mobile-satellite channels developed by combining model for two channels and the model derived in analytically [11].
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) works on using multiple antennas at the both transmitter and receiver side simultaneously for wireless communication over Single Input Single Output (SISO) communication system. But in satellite communication it is possible to increase the performance of the system to implement MIMO system technology on it [J]. Many researchers like P. R. King and S. Stavrou proposed that land mobile satellite communication system can take the facilities of MIMO system technology to increase the data rate with using limited resources allocated spectrum. Though the capacity can be increases using space time coding from a single satellite MIMO system compeer to land mobile satellite channel because of its low elevation is harsh [J] [K] [L].
Processing of satellite diversity for space time that can satisfy the requirements which is uncorrelated or de-correlated and that could be applicable. Still few of the researchers are working on this topic and published their papers as example. Where they explain some ideas about the topic as [N] physical-statistical model for satellite to highway or satellite to urban area and calculate the capacity of MIMO channel. On the other hand in [O] the system aspects are investigated of a satellite-diversity MIMO system.
On the other hand High Altitude Platform (HAP) also able to provide a range of communication services and all the other communication related application with an effective cost. Due to the altitude of 17-22 km (for airship or aircraft) HAP has the potential to deliver the services for a wide range of areas. HAP is also capable to provide the capacity which is very high similar like terrestrial system. For the wide area HAO service is as like the satellite [P]. Currently HAPs are being configured and designed to provide broadband data services for domestic services at home directly along with 3G communication system which intended to be located 20-22 km above the ground level (stratosphere) [Q] [R]. The high altitude platforms may be the best solution for the increasing needs of telecommunication system like personal mobile communication, video conference and access to internet, high speed data transformation. HAP is widely known to be infrastructure because of its flexibility, less polluted and less expensive compared to satellite and terrestrial communication system [S].

CHAPTER THREE

Theoretical Approach for MIMO in Satellite Communication

3.1?? Working Flowchart

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3.2?? Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

MIMO is an antenna system where multiple antennas used for the both side as transmitter and receiver. To improve the communication performance, smart antenna is the few technologies which known as adaptive multiple antennas, which called MIMO recently. In wireless communication, MIMO technology has immense attention because of its significant increases of data performances.

CHAPTER FOUR

Satellite and High Altitude Platform (HAP)

4.1?? Satellite

Satellite means anything which orbits something in word, like the earth orbits the sun. In a communications context, satellite is a men made special type of wireless receiver or transmitter which launched by a carrier (like rocket) and placed it in the orbit around the earth. A large amount of satellites are in the orbit operated currently for the following:

• Television broadcasting.
• Private radio communication.
• Weather forecasting.
• Internet communication.
• Global positioning system (GPS).
• And military (spy) and civilian earth observation purposes.

Russia (Formally known as Soviet Union) is the first country launched first artificial satellite which size was almost like a basketball. After then October 1957 Russia sent the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 equipped by radio transmitter. Then the explorer 1 (Alpha 1) was

the first earth satellite which carried with science instrument? was launched by U.S. just after? month on 01 February, 1958. In the beginning of the 21st century a large number of satellites around 2200 satellites are orbiting the earth where many of the satellites are giving steady streams of scientific data to the earth. The first artificial satellite could transmitted only the simple Morse code signal over and over where the modern satellite can receive and transmit a huge amount of data from a simple digital signal to a complex programs.
The first generation satellite communication system based on L-band and Ku-band when the operating frequencies are 1-2 GHz and 11-14 GHz respectively which provided the simple and basic communication services like road haulage industries and maritime. The second generation satellite communication system provided the voice and data transmission services in limited coverage. And the third generation satellite communication provided the same data, voice and fax services but in a wide coverage all over the world [E]. Low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), high earth orbit (HEO) or geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite constellations will develop and extend the terrestrial mobile systems and provided the roaming services to their communication instead of replace them [F].

4.1.1?? Advantages of Satellite

High-capacity and long range:Satellite provides high capacity of communication service for long distance with less interference.
Coverage: The coverage of satellite is very wide. It is possible to cover the whole earth by only three geostationary satellites and maximum of 42% of earth surface can be possible to cover by a single satellite.
High availability:Because of less source of interference the propagation path availability is very high for satellite communication. And the service quality is very good as well.
Reliability:Considering the significant distance from the earth to satellite all the propagation instrument and parameter are fully experimented, well defined and understood and all the parameters designed perfectly and checked several time by the service provider. That's why the system is very reliable.

4.1.2?? Disadvantages of Satellite

Costly:Compare to terrestrial communication system satellite communication system is quite expensive. All the propagation equipments and the parameter's quality are very high graded for surviving in space. On the other hand all the needed segments including the satellite segments are very expensive because of their stability in the space, size, quality and complexity for the earth station and space station.
Transmission time for long distance is significant:Due to the long distance the transmission time is significant as it has to travel a huge distance as the delays of 0.25 sec appear for a GEO-satellite which 36000 km above the earth surface (for uplink - downlink total delay 0.5 sec). For the data transfer and video communication this delay will not be acceptable but for some form of voice communication it may be acceptable.
Security:The earth station for satellite communication is very big and expensive as well.? Base station is very easy to locate and easy to destroy as well. It is very easy to intercept the signal of satellite. The other problems are telemetry links and signal jams [A].

Source: http://dustyloft.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/sputnik_1.jpg

Source: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci212939,00.html

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/captions/images/explorer1-516.jpg

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4.1.3?? Types of Satellite

The classification of the satellites depend on the function like the satellite which launch for monitoring cloud or weather forecasting pattern which belong to weather station will be completely different than the satellite launched for sending signal for television broadcasting. Different types of satellite considering their functionalities are as bellow:

4.1.3.1?? Astronomy Satellite

• This type of satellite is originally big types of telescope which is floating in the space and orbit the earth. this satellite can provide the following application:
• Can make map for the star.
• This satellite can take planet's picture using solar system.
• Can be use for study purposes (some mysterious phenomena like black holes or quasars).
• This satellite can take picture from different angle and different surface of the earth and other planet.

Example: The Hubble Space Telescope.

4.1.3.2?? Atmospheric Studies Satellite

• This kind of satellites basically the low earth orbit satellites were the early stage satellites launched into space. The first Atmospheric Studies satellites launched by Canada named ?Alouette?.
• This satellite can be use for study purpose specially for knowing earth atmosphere.

Example: NASA's Polar satellite.

4.1.3.3?? Communication Satellite

• Now a day everyone uses a communication satellite at least once a day. Without using communication satellites it very hard to pass a day may be impossible which allow telephone, television and radio transmission live everywhere in the earth. Usually the this type of satellite for the geostationary orbit which sometime carry electronic device like transponder for receiving, amplifying and re-broadcasting signals earth to satellite and satellite to earth in both direction. This satellite can provide the following application:
• Radio communication.
• Television broadcasting.
• Tele-communication.

Example: Anik E satellite.

4.1.3.4?? Navigation Satellite

• In the late 1950 the satellite developed for the navigation purposes by which it is possible to know the position of any ship at any given time in the middle of the ocean.

Example: Navstar satellites

4.1.3.5?? Reconnaissance satellite

• This type of satellite mostly used by the military activities to keep an eye on other countries and collect the intelligence information of the other countries which circled the earth in polar orbit. For the following purposes this kind of satellite used for:
• This satellite can be used to detect nuclear explosion in the space and detect as well the route of missile launches.
• Can be used to spy on other country.
• This satellite can detect and record radio transmission or any other radar transmission passing through country.
• This satellite can be used as like an orbital weapon from the space to target ground.

Example: Kennan, Big Bird and Lacrosse satellites.

4.1.3.6?? Remote Sensing satellite

• Remote sensing satellite provides the services of taking picture and observes the remote area all over the world where it is not possible to look after in physically and also able to monitor that sort of areas where weather is very rough. From a certain distance this satellite can be used to monitor and measure the environment and the national assets.

Example: Radarsat satellite.

4.1.3.7?? Search and Rescue satellite

• The search and rescue satellite for communicating with the vessel at the sea or in the air from a remote area or from a dangerous place, which originally comes from the weather satellite program. These satellites configured with the rescue and search equipment which can provide an emergency signal that can directly observe and monitor the weather pattern and then satellite can find out the emergency point even it is remote or rough area by using Doppler Effect.

Example: Cospas-Sarsat satellite.

4.1.3.8?? Space Exploration satellite

• Considering the function of space exploration satellite it is possible to say that this types of satellites is not a satellite originally. This satellite is known as space probes which functioned and designed for circling or orbiting the satellite. The application of the space exploration satellite are as follow:
• Send back the picture of planets and other stellar phenomena.
• Send back the data of faraway of the other planets.
• Find the important information for astronomy of the other planets, like Jupiter's ring was discovered by the space exploration satellite.

Example: Galileo.

4.1.3.9?? Weather satellite

• It is possible to find out the weather condition anytime and any part of the world which carried by the television station as weather information programs are done by the weather and communication satellite and its technology. The following applications are done by the weather satellite:
• It can measure the radiation from the earth and atmosphere and the amount of energy and heat being realised from the earth and atmosphere.
• It can find out the temperature of the ocean any time.
• Satellite can find the volcanoes eruption.
• These satellites receive important information about cloud and weather of the surface of the earth. Etc.

http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/engineer/copy/index.html

4.2?? High Altitude Platform

It positioned at stratospheric altitude [from 20 km to 50 km from the earth]. Theses platforms are reusable as well [U].
HAPs are the technology which providing the followings:

• Wireless narrowband and broadband telecommunication.
• Broadcasting services.
• Round trip delay is very short.
• Propagation loss is very small.
• Coverage area is large.
• Capacity is quite large.

4.2.1?? Advantages Compare to satellite

• System capacity is overall large:
• Without huge antennas on board it can produce Small spot beams (cells).
• Much better than GEO or LEO satellites.
• Considering Shorter paths, link budgets better:
• Typically ~ 34 dB and ~66 dB better budges than LEO and GEO respectively.
• No problems with protocols because
• Low altitude.
• Short path length.
• Less delay.
• Cheaper than satellite because
• Launch vehicle not necessary.
• Less demanding than space systems
• Quick deployment
• For short lead time
• Maintenance and updated is not so difficult.
• Friendly for environment:
• Launch vehicle/rocket not necessary.
• Can run by solar power

4.2.2?? Disadvantages Compare to satellite

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CHAPTER FIVE

Mobile Satellite System and Channel Model

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5.1?? Mobile Satellite System

5.1.1?? Overview of Mobile Satellite System

Because of high reliability of communication and wide coverage made the satellite technology very popular and attractive to marines and aviators. The introduction of cellular radio services has started thinking about land mobile satellite communication system. However the mobile communication system offered some extra advantages to barren area and sparsely polluted as well. Some great offer also offered by mobile satellite communication system in broadcasting and multicasting services to any mobile equipments and devices because of its fast and efficient delivery. The allocated frequencies for MMSS and AMSS are fixed in 1.5 /1.6 GHz bands which allocated by IMO, ICAO, ITU WARC in 1971 [S] [2].

5.1.2?? Satellite Spectrum

At present most of the satellite system operated in L-Band and S-Band. For some special case for grater bandwidth some system services operating from VHF to Ka-bands presently. Because of long distance and higher frequency between the satellite and mobile devices have lots of difficulties like path loss, noise, Doppler Effect, shadowing which are the great problems for wave frequencies [2].
L-Band:The frequency range for L-Band is from 1 to 2 GHz (defined by IEEE). For mobile communication system the required 950 to 1450 MHz frequency also referred by L-Band term. Mobile Satellite services also offer good penetration through adverse weather condition and foliage by using L-Band.
S-Band:S-Band frequency is used for digital Radio Satellite System which frequency range is from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz. For example Sirius Satellite Radio. Some communication and weather satellite also use S-Band for some special case.

5.1.3?? Multiple Satellite Coverage Improvement

5.1.4?? Geostationary Orbit Satellite System

At the altitude of 35,876 km from the earth is the place for GEO satellite. GEO satellite always stays in same place from the earth. The coverage area is very wide as three GEO satellite can cover the whole earth. Build up area for a GEO satellite is very poor. For GEO satellite it doesn't required any Handover as like the terrestrial cell-based system. The transmission delay is about 250 ms to 280 ms which depend on the path length for a single hop. GEO satellites are used for weather forecasting, satellite radio, satellite TV and for the different types of global communication systems.

5.1.5?? High Elliptic Orbit Satellite System

High elliptic orbit satellite system poisoned at the altitude of 40000 km to 50000 km from the earth surface which offers the following benefit [T]:

• Transmission delay is variable.
• Three or four time's handover required every day.
• Over all system cost is moderate.
• Coverage flexibility is moderate.
• Environmental radiation is high
• Satellite design and constellation is complicated compeer the other satellite system.
• Critical inclination of the HEO satellite is 63.4 degree or 116.6 degree.

5.1.6?? Medium Orbit Satellite System

To cover the whole earth surface Medium Orbit Satellite required only 10 to 12 satellite which poisoned at the altitude of 10000 to 20000 km from the earth surface. MEO satellite system offers the following services:

• Path loss and the transmission delay of MEO satellite system are less than the geo satellite system.
• Visibility is very good and high.
• Diversity technique is used for MEO satellite system.
• For the MEO satellite Handover is required between satellites more frequently [Less than LEO satellite system but higher then HEO system].

Example: GPS (United State Military), Glonass (Russia), Galileo navigation system (Europe).

5.1.7?? Low Orbit Satellite System

At least 30 Low Orbit Satellite systems required for global coverage which poisoned with an altitude between 200 miles to 930 miles which around 750 to 2000 km. LEO satellite system characteristics are as follow:

• LEO satellite can orbit the earth very fast. It takes around 90 min to orbit the earth once.
• LEO satellite operates in polar orbit.
• LEO satellite services are very important for those services where orbiting time required very short.
• Lunching cost is less expensive compeer to other satellite system.

?5.2?? Mobile Satellite System Channel Model

Source: http://www.tech-faq.com/low-earth-orbit.shtml

CHAPTER SIX

Mathematical Approach, Analysis and Discussion

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6.1?? Mathematical Approach

6.2?? Analysis

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6.3?? Discussion

CHAPTER SEVEN

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Result and Discussion

7.1?? Result

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7.2?? Discussion

CHAPTER EIGHT

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Conclusion and Future Investigation

8.1?? Conclusion

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8.2?? Future Works

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9?? References

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[3] Cristoff Martin, ?Mobile Satellite Broadcast and Multichannel Communications ? Analysis and Design?, Ph.D. thesis, KTH Electrical Engineering, Signal Processing - KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005.
[4] Peter R. King, Peter Horvath, Fernando Perez-Fontan, Istvan Frigyes, Stavros Stavrou, ?Satellite Channel Impairment Mitigation by Diversity Techniques?, European Satellite Communications Network of Excellence (SatNEx) framework, February 5, 2005.
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Source: http://www.degree-essays.com/essays/engineeringessays/satellite-communication-system.php

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